We are Presenter

This is our last memory after all of us completely done our project presentation with Miss Noey. There is Mariatul Qabtiah and Nuratikah Anees from the other group, and also the another group member Sazuan Zaim and Fikri in this picture. All of us is under one supervisor which is Miss Nurul Fazlin, so that we also got a same assessor Miss Noey and Sir Razif. But sadly sir razif is not in this picture because he already leave first after he done accessing  his students. Just to say that overall of the industry day is fun and we thankful a lot once again to our supervisor Miss Nurul Fazlin, also to our assessor and other friends or anyone that had help us a lot this while. Praise to Allah, the presentation is completely done and run smoothly. 

Our FYP Assessors

There is our fyp project assessor, Miss Nurolhoda (Miss Noey) and Sir Razif. Both of them are lecturer for subject Electric Circuit in Electrical Department. The first assessor that come to our table is Sir Razif. He asked me and my partner to introduce our self and explain about our project. He asked us to see our project magazine then he asked me and my partner a few questions regarding the project schematic diagram. For an example question that he asked is the function of the IC's in the circuit, the function of the diode and so on. He also asked another question about a bridge rectifier and asking us to draw the waveform. On my opinion, he is kind of a simple person which is he does not like to make something too complicated. The reason why i am saying this because i see the way he doing his job during the presentation day. He asked me and my partner to explain about our project as simple as it. 

The same thing with miss noey. She only take a short time with us since our group is the second last group to be present. She sit and listening to our project explanation then asking us to do some demonstration about our project hardware. However since our hardware not fully function, so that she asked us to explain the reason why it happen and what is the real problem in the circuit. Since she is the electrical lecturer, so that it is very sure that she is knowledgeable about anything that relating with electrical. Before she leave us, she also give some opinion and suggestion to be improve on our project. As our thank, we give some little gift to both of the assessor. 

FYP Presentation

08 November 2012, the industry or engineering day for all Final Year students. This is the day that most of FYP candidates  feel so shacking and nervous. After almost 3 years been study in BMI, finally the final day coming. Truly to be honest, we feel very nervous waiting for the presentation day. In fact, we get Miss Nurolhoda (miss noey) and Sir Razif as our project assessors. Too much thing that need to prepare a day before the presentation. Furthermore for this semester, the presentation was start early at 9am comparing to the previous semester which is they start at 2pm at noon. 

During the presentation, me and my partner Nurul Nadiah firstly setup our table/booth first. We register for the table number 28 and 29 which is 28 is me and 29 is Nadiah. The things that we done is setup the project prototype, the project poster and do some last revision about our project circuit as a preparation for the Q&A session with assessor later. We waiting or the assessor for a few minutes until the first assessor that first come to access us is Sir Razif then followed by Miss Noey. Both of them take about 7 - 10minutes to stay at our table to asking some question and listening for our project presentation. 

Alhamdulillah and praise to Allah, finally we completely done the Final Year Project Presentation. Even though our project hardware just partly operate but we still glad and thankful because we can finish all it up. With help and guide from our supervisor Miss Nurul Fazlin, we finally manage to done it all. Last but not least, we want to thank to everyone that help and co-operate with us in order to done our project. Not forgetting to our friend name Afdal, he is the most important person that responsible to help us this while. To those who keep support and help us, a million of thanks we wish for all of you. 

Our Body Detector Prototype

Here is our Body Detector prototype, we design it as simple as that. We only using a cardboard, ribbon, baby doll, teddy bear, watch and some manics. The purpose we do this kind of prototype is to show the assessors and people that we are doing 'Body Detector', a project that dealing with a sensor to detect a presence of human body. Since our hardware itself only partly operate, so we decide to demonstrate our project by using a doll as the prototype. we put the hardware of the Body Detector against the doll with distance less than 80cm of length. Then, we put a clip at the doll body as a metal to be a input sense of the metal sensor. The concept just simple but the idea is there to be demonstrate.   

FYP Poster and Brouchers

This is our FYP poster. We used it during the FYP presentation at level 4. The important things that must we have in this poster according to our supervisor Miss Nurul Fazlin is project introduction, aim and objective, possible application, methodology, schematic diagram, result, conclusion and reference. This eight items is important since we not using any slide show to present. All the things that have written here will be the guideline for us during the presentation session. It is important to understand each thing of it, so that it will make the presentation session run smoothly. 

Before the presentation day, me and my partner already divide the tasks that we will take to presenting. So that each one of us will have for tasks to present which is me, i got task of introduction, possible application, schematic diagram and conclusion. While my partner got task aim and objective, methodology, results and reference. Since we already divide the tasks equally, so that we need to study each of it properly as the preparation. The presentation session is contribute for 30% of marks and it is important to get highest marks if we can present with well prepare. 

This is our project broucher during the FYP presentation day. We give it to our assessors and anyone that want to take it. The purpose of this broucher is to give some simple explanation regarding our project. It consist of the project hardware figure, the introduction, description, limitation, and aim and objectives also. 

Our Body Detector Hardware

 

This figure above is the prototype and hardware of our project "Body Detector". Body detector is built for the  purpose of security by detecting the presence of human body in actual distance. It detect metal that attached to the human body and metal sensor will be the input to detect the presence of human body. Our objective to built this project is to study on the possible sensors that involved in this circuit and also to develop, built and test an electronics circuit involved. The actual hardware of this project supposedly have two part of circuit board, however we changed it become one part only to make it easier to construct. Therefore, the hardware come up with the small size of casing and hardware. 

From the figure of the hardware above, you may see the design which is it look like a 'music box'. At the middle of the casing top, there is two l.e.d and one coil. The green l.e.d is function as indicator lamp which is to indicate the current flow. It will turn On once the supply is ON. The red l.e.d is function to alerting people once the metal sensor sense any human body approaching it. It will work together with buzzer, the piezo with trigger and the red l.e.d will turn ON. Meanwhile, at the middle of the casing is a coil. The coil is our metal sensor, it function to sense any metal that approaching it. Then, at the left side is the power supply battery 9v and a switch of the red l.e.d. At the right side is potentiometer 200W-500W. It function is to adjust the buzzer sensitivity. It work together with variable resistor (VR2). 

Troubleshooting Circuit

After we completely done all the hardware of the Body Detector circuit, we found that the project did not function well as what we expect the result. Even though the circuit connection seem right from outside view but we cannot find the real problem which part that did not work proper since the circuit already completely done constructing and soldering. It is hard to troubleshoot the circuit that already completely done because at this stage the circuit already combine with other parts, so that any error or signal that occur in the frequency will be quiet difficult to detect. 

Therefore, it is better if we construct the circuit first on the breadboard before directly construct it on the PCB board. The reason why it is necessary to constructing the circuit on the breadboard first because by using breadboard, we can directly check it part by part using multimeter or other tools. However if we already construct it on PCB board with complete soldering it, then it be difficult for us. First we need to suck the solder ion first, then we need to take it off one by one to check each part of the circuit. That is why we have to do the proper preliminary test and calibration before completely the complete circuit. 

For this circuit, the possible reason why it did not fully function may be because of the DIP switch that we changed. Even though supposedly the real function is once the metal sensor sense any metal approaching it, it will automatically switch On the buzzer to trigger and at the same time the red l.e.d also will turn On. However, the real function just partly operate not like what we expected for the result. We make the troubleshooting lab level 2 with the guide of the technician Abg Shahrul, however we cannot find the real problem either. So that, we just assuming that the result as partly operate only.

Body Detecor Casing

The concept that we used to decorate our project casing is by using  design of music box which is we put some ribbon around it and small ribbon at the top. The design that we use is simple to compare to other project since our project also not really big. If we stick with the actual circuit that consist of two board, it may be will contribute to the big size of casing compare to the one that we used now. 

The casing is built by hard plastic. It can stand a bit harder comparing to the other plastic. It easy to be decorate since the shape in solid shape. In fact, due to the casing size, there is not much that we can do because it too small. The ribbon that we put around the body is just to make it a little bit good looking and nice. The little the cute one. 

This is how it look like after we done decorating it. As simple as it :)

Drill the Casing

Drilling is also one of the part of the project. We do the drilling for our project casing, which is we need to make the hole for two l.e.d, metal sensor (coil) and also the cable for the battery and switch. Drilling also needed when we want to drill the PCB board hole for the components. Drill have several type of the drill bullets, it have a big one and also the smallest one. So that, we can adjust the bullet according to which bullet we want. It is easy handling and easy to change the bullet, otherwise it come up with the small size of drill and together with the socket and charger in one small red box. 

Before start drilling, we need to measure and marking the hole that we want to drill. This is because it can help us to ensure which part that we want to drill. If we did not marked it, then it could be a possible that the hole we do might be not as we expected. The mark of the casing can be only use pencil or marking pen. We just need to measure the size that we want then mark it before start drilling. Make sure the way of handling the drill is correct. Hold the drill tightly as the safety for us and people around us during drilling.

Here the figure on how we do drilling and the figure how do the casing look like after the drilling process in done. The another one hole that left is actually for the null button of potentiometer but then we change the position to the left, so that the hole is not needed anymore. We decide to leave it like that to decorate and put something at the top. 

Solder the PCB Board

Solder is the next step after done constructing the circuit. In this step, it is necessary to do it carefully because here we will dealing with the dangerous tools such solder that have been heating up for a few time. So that, make sure that we will do the soldering very properly. Beside, the reason why we need to do the soldering properly is because we want to make sure the connection of the circuit would not have any error after soldering the PCB board. 

Some people say soldering is very easy and simple but for me, it is not easier as what we though. This is because other than ensure that every components in right position, we need to ensure that we will soldering the components nicely. It means we need to carefully using the solder ion while soldering. It is nice if we can ensure all the solder ion that we solder on the components is in same shape. We cannot put too much solder ion and we also cannot put too little solder ion. The solder ion will be melting on the components once it touch with the heat up solder. Figure below show the solder and solder ion look like. 

If during soldering we make an error connection or we accidentally put too much solder ion on the components until it get touch with the other component, then we can suck the solder ion by using sucker. The step to do it just by put the solder ion to the ion that already been soldering, then press the sucker to suck the melting solder ion. Ensure that the solder ion that we suck is properly suck to avoid it by double soldering. If it been double soldering, then it will look not so nice at back of the PCB board. Down here is the figure of the sucker.

Construct Body Detector Circuit

After done etching the PCB board, the next step is to construct the circuit on the PCB board. It is very important to check properly the circuit diagram to prevent no error connection after done the construction. To ensure that the connection is correct, we must check and keep refer to the schematic diagram and PCB layout. Besides that, we also must check the components properly by using Multimeter. For an example if we want to construct resistors, it is important to ensure the value is correct to the schematic and PCB layout. 

Also, we need to make sure that there is no touching between the components with each another. This is because if there is touching between the components, then it will make the circuit may be did not functioning very well as what we expected. Since the circuit that we dealing with was high sensitivity frequency circuit, so that it could be high possible for the circuit get many error if the connection did not constructing properly. 

During doing the construction, we also need to consider about the looping or jumper connection. For sure that most of the circuit that we dealing with have a looping or jumper connection, so that we need to cut the jumper properly to ensure the connection. Even though maybe there is many hole on the PCB and it make the construction a bit hard, but we must do the construction very carefully. Using long nose to hold the components that hard to be put on the PCB board such IC's. For the components such transistors, diode, L.E.D, capacitors, variable resistors, relay and buzzer, we must check the negative positive first before simply put it on the PCB board. For the transistors, the connection of emitter, base and collector should be in correct position. 

Here the figure of the circuit after done the construction 

PCB of Body Detector

In process to construct the full circuit, the first thing that need to do is construct the schematic diagram and PCB layout. To construct the schematic diagram, we need to use Multisim software. It used to see and ensure the connection is right. After done the schematic diagram, then we may convert the circuit into PCB by using the Diptrace software. The reason why we need to construct first the circuit by using multisim and diptrace software is because it can easier our work to see the circuit connection and troubleshoot it when it have an error connection. Here the figure of our PCB for Body Detector circuit. 

            

The PCB layout from the bottom side view 

   

  

The PCB layout from the top side view 

Both of this figure showed the circuit connection from top and bottom side view. By looking at the bottom layout, we may see the cooper connection and the components hole to solder. And by looking at the top layout, we may see the components symbols and position. So that, it may easy for us to solder the PCB. After done the PCB, then we may start etching the PCB board. The etching step is same as the previous step that i wrote at my previous post. We may use the same step to do the PCB.

The PCB board after done etching 

Equivalent components (Relay)

RLA is stand for relay. This body detector consist of component such relay with value 5v p.c.b mounting miniature relay 200mW operating power (2-pole changeover). A variety of miniature relays would be suitable as long it provide that the nominal operating power does not exceed 500mW. The output of monostable IC2b at pin 9 provides current for switching transistor TR2, which in turn controls relay RLA. The actual relay that suppose be use in this circuit is the large one that it is almost same like potentiometer. But since the size was too large for the circuit, then we decide to change it with the another type of relay. We replace it with the same power and value, it just the shape that different which is the second one that we replace is rectangular shape blue colour. This relay will be trigger with "crackle" or "click" sound when it functional in the circuit. Since that, it show that the relay is functional work. 

Equivalent component (Variable Resistor)

There is four variable resistor that is needed in this Body Detector circuit, which is one variable resistor with value 200ohm-500ohm multi turn wire wound potentiometer, one variable resistor 470k type of vertical sub-miniature carbon preset, linear cermet preset 100ppm degree temperature coefficient and the last variable resistor is two type of multi turn horizontal cermet preset with value of 50k. Among this four potentiometer, there is two of it we change with the another equivalent components which is VR2 and VR3 50k. We change this components because it is not enough spacing to put it in the PCB board. Since we combining the two part of the board circuit to become one board, it make the size of the PCB board smaller than the actual size. So that, we find another variable resistor 50k that equivalent and same function with the actual components to replace it. The biggest different between this two type of variable resistor is by the colour and size. The actual variable resistor is in red colour and it is big size. However for the replacing component of variable resistor is more smaller and it is yellow colour. This variable resistor can be turn into the maximum turning of 50k. Here the figure of the component. 

Equivelent component (DIP switch)

In the Body Detector circuit, there are some of the components that we had changed. It is such DIP switch that suppose is 3-pole 4-way rotary switch. The reason why we change this component is because we want to make the circuit more easy to dealing with. Beside it also easier us to construct on the PCB board. The actual switch is actually the rotary switch which is it can be rotate or turn over it due to the function mode of "sleep", "activate" and "adjust". However, since the switch size was too big to be put in the circuit, so that me and my partner decide to change it with the another switch that equivalent to. The DIP switch that we changed also have the 4-way button but it only need to be press up and down to On and Off it. 

List of Miscellaneous

Here is the list of miscellaneous: 

• RLA .................................... 5v p.c.b mounting miniature relay 200mW nom operating power (2 pole changeover)
• S1 .......................................  3-pole 4-way rotary switch, break-before-make 
• SK1 ....................................  2.5mm power socket, single hole fixing with break contact
• SK2 ....................................  3.5mm open mono jack socket
• WD1 ..................................  low profile wire-ended piezo electric sounder 

List of Semiconductors

Both figure above showed the list of semiconductors: 

• D1 .......................... 5mm l.e.d 
• D2, D3 .................. 1N4001 50v 1A rect diode (2 off)
• TR1 ....................... 2N3904 npn low power transistor
• TR2 ....................... BC337 npn medium power transistor
• IC1, IC2 ................ ICM7556IPA low power dual timer (2 off)
• IC4 ........................ LM2940HCT 1A low dropout regulator
• IC3 ........................ HCF4520BEY dual binary counter 

List of Capacitors

This is the list of capacitors that needed for the Body Detector circuit: 

• C1, C4 .............100p metallised ceramic plate, zero temperature coefficient (2 off)
• C2, C5, C9, C13 ...... 100n metallised polyester film (4 off)
• C3, C6.............. 100micro sub-miniature radial electrolyte 10v (5 off)
• C8 .................... 4n7 multilayer metallised polyester film
• C10 .................  150p metallised ceramic plate, zero temperature coefficient 
• C14 .................  100n metallised polyester film 
• C15 .................  1000micro miniature radial electrolytic 10v
• C16 .................  10micro sub-miniature radial electrolytic 35v 
• Cx ...................  a variety of metallised ceramic plate from 1p to 100p. 

All metallised ceramic plate capacitors have zero temperature coefficient

List of Resistors and Potentiometers

Here is the list of the resistors that need and involved in the Body Detector circuit: 

• R1, R2, R4, R5, R7, R10 ................................................................  10k (6off)
• R3 ..................................................................................................   470kOhm
• R6 ..................................................................................................   3M3
• R8 ..................................................................................................   270k
• R9 ..................................................................................................   150k
• R11 ................................................................................................   100k
• R12 ................................................................................................   2k2
• R13 ................................................................................................   220k
• R14 ...............................................................................................   15k
• R15 ...............................................................................................   68ohm 

All metal film 0.6W 1% (50ppm/ ohm C temperature coefficient)


List of Potentiometers:

• VR1 ........................ 200ohm to 500ohm 10 or multi turn wirewound potentiometer 
• VR2, VR3 .............. 50k 18 or multi turn horizontal cermet preset (2 off) 
• VR4 .......................  470k vertical sub-miniature carbon preset, linear cermet preset 100ppm/ degree circus temperature coefficient

Body Detector Components

This is the list of the Body Detector component:

 

Calibration

To undertake initial setting-up, use a test lead terminated at each end with a crocodile clip. Attach one end to the sensor bolt and the other to a piece of tin-foil about 300mm square. Due to the sensitivity of the circuti, it is important that both ends of the test lead should have a sure connection. Turn carbon preset VR4 back completely. Turn multiturn preset VR3 to 40 kilohms (40k) and multiturn preset VR2 to its maximum setting 50k. Turn the multiturn potentiometer VR1 to its mid-point. If at any time the circuit does not behave as described, switch off immediately and check the wiring carefully. 

Be aware that the presence of your body may affect the turning. Use a plastic or insulated screwdriver to turn VR2 and stand back from the circuit to see weather the crackling stops. If not, continue to back-off VR2 very carefully until the crackle just stops when stand back. Now set switch S1 to activate. The unit should now react when your hand approaches the sensor plate from a distance of few centimeters. Experiment a little to discover the best setting for preset VR2 and potentiometer VR1. A single "crackle" triggers monostable IC2b. 

Note that that the Activate position of S1 is optimised both for small sensors such as the 300mm square tin-foil sensors used in testing and a moderate temperature range (10 degree circus or 15 degree circus variation). Other application may require calibration in the Activate setting, monitoring the voltage across capacitor C10 by means of the test bolts provided. 

Casing Up without Circuit

The Body Detector is built into a plastic case with slotted walls, size 158mm x 95mm x 54mm approx. Holes are prepared on top of the case for VR1, S1, L.E.D D1, and the sensor bolt. Two small holes are also carefully positioned on top of the case to expose multi-turn presets VR2 and VR3, so that these may easily be adjusted from outside the case.

 

It is suggested that the holes for the presets be clearly labelled, so that their purpose is not forgotten with the passing of time. The author has more than once returned to a past project, only to puzzle over what the various adjustments might once have been for. Power socket SK1 and jack socket SK2 are mounted on the back of the case. Drill a hole for the insertion of a thermometer. 

 

The test bolts and piezo disc WD1 are mounted on the case. The piezo disc may be mounted behind a small hole on the front wall of the case. Board B is slotted into the case with the multiturn cermet presets VR2 and VR3 face downwards. Cable ties may be used to tidy up the connecting wires. Make sure that the battery is secure since a change in its position inside the case could slightly affect the unit's calibration.